AgriTech Review

In the annals of American history, the 20th century witnessed a remarkable decline in Black-White inequality, particularly when gauged through economic metrics such as wages and intergenerational mobility. While prevailing scholarship has primarily credited this progress to factors like the Great Migration and educational advancements among Black Americans, a groundbreaking new study illuminates a previously […]

A comprehensive Hungarian study has revealed that the behavior of pharmaceutical residues in soil does not depend on a single factor, but is shaped by several interacting processes. The researchers emphasized that, based on their findings, it would be worth revising current practices for assessing soil quality.

"...indoor hydroponic gardening shows real potential as a supportive intervention in cancer care—and perhaps beyond."

Spain will confine poultry indoors in several regions starting Monday in response to escalating cases of avian influenza across Europe, the agriculture ministry said Wednesday.

Rising wildfire risk in the Pacific Northwest combined with notoriously volatile timber pricing may lower forestland values by as much as 50% and persuade plantation owners to harvest trees much earlier than planned, a new analysis of Douglas-fir forests shows.

Researchers are exploring MXenes, 2D materials that could transform air into ammonia for cleaner fertilizers and fuels. Their atomic structures can be tuned to optimize performance, making them promising alternatives to expensive catalysts.

ADM and its agribusiness peers have seen earnings erode in recent quarters due to ample global crop supplies and commodities market upheaval that has thinned margins.

Researchers say the cost of farm labor is directly linked to the amount of fresh produce the U.S. imports. Michigan State University ag labor specialist Zach Rutledge has been analyzing the correlation between farm wages and ag imports into the U.S. over the past three decades. “When wages rise, we are seeing that statistically linked to the […] The post Research ties rising farm wages to growing dependence on ag imports appeared first on Brownfield Ag News.

In recent years, the growing concern over food waste has garnered significant attention from researchers and environmentalists alike. The quest for sustainable solutions to food waste disposal and the quest for alternative protein sources have led scientists to explore innovative approaches. Among these, a promising avenue involves utilizing photosynthetic bacteria to convert food waste into […]

ALBANY — The New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets today announced that $2.5 million has been awarded to 51 organizations across the state through Round 3 of New York State’s Urban Farms and Community Gardens Grant Program. The program is designed to support community growing spaces and recognize their impact on local food […] The post $2.5M Awarded to Urban Farms and Community Gardens Across the State appeared first on Morning Ag Clips.

The adoption of climate-smart agricultural technologies is increasingly essential as global climate change significantly impacts various agricultural sectors. This necessity becomes particularly pressing in arid and semi-arid regions, where traditional agricultural practices often fall short in sustaining productivity due to climatic stresses. A recent study conducted in Kenya presents a comprehensive analysis of the determinants […]

UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — Attending the 2025 World Food Forum gave Auja Bywater and Alejandra Armesto-Gomez, graduate students in Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences, a firsthand look at how the pursuit of sustainable food connects people globally. “While the challenges and circumstances differ across regions, we all share the desire for access to sustainable food,” said Bywater, a […] The post College of Ag Sciences Students Harvest Global Insights at World Food Forum appeared first on Morning Ag Clips.

Pedro Jota Fernandes, a master’s student at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, is emerging as a prominent scholar and researcher in Beef Systems. Originally from Brazil, he is bringing a medley of skills, determination and grit...

“For us, the inspiration comes more from food factories than human kitchens," says founder Nipun Sharma. "None of my engineers have ever set foot in a human kitchen, because there's nothing to learn there.” The post Appetronix raises $6m to scale robotic kitchens: ‘Quick service is going to get more and more automated’ appeared first on AgFunderNews.

Naïo will consolidate R&D activities and focus on making ag robotics and automation an option for small farms and vineyards. The post Ag robotics startup Naïo bounces back after a year of financial turmoil appeared first on AgFunderNews.

In a groundbreaking study, researchers have embarked on an innovative journey to explore the potential of the common sea star, scientifically known as Asterias rubens, as a viable alternative protein source for one of the most sought-after aquaculture species: the whiteleg shrimp, or Litopenaeus vannamei. This endeavor not only presents a novel avenue in aquaculture […]

ProvVari is expected to launch in Ireland in Q1 2026 before expanding to international markets. Read more: NovaUCD’s Proveye bags ESA contract to launch AI-powered agri-tech

Technology allows dairy farmers to track each cow’s health and production, but the challenge now is learning how to use all that data effectively. The post Using technology and data to drive herd health and progress appeared first on Farm and Dairy.

In recent years, agriculture has emerged as a critical sector affecting poverty alleviation, food security, and economic development, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The role of smallholder farmers, who constitute a significant portion of the agricultural workforce, cannot be overstated. A recent study spearheaded by Iddrisu, Nkegbe, and Mabe provides innovative insights into the market participation […]

A research team led by Professor Wang Peng from the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, together with international researchers, has successfully engineered liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS)-driven membraneless organelles (MLOs) within the food-grade industrial strain Corynebacterium glutamicum.

AMES, Iowa – An Iowa State University scientist is part of an international team of researchers that has upended one of the most famous examples of urban evolution: the human-biting mosquito. The discovery, published in the journal Science, reveals that the mosquito form known for transmitting West Nile virus to humans didn’t evolve in modern […] The post Iowa State Scientist Helps Rewrite Mosquito Evolution Story appeared first on Morning Ag Clips.

Innovation and Collaboration Take Center Stage at FIRA 2025 At the FIRA 2025 Agricultural Robotics Expo in Woodland, California, Dr. Nathan Boyd from the University of Florida joined ag tech ... Read More The post AI and Automation Drive Florida’s AgTech Revolution appeared first on AgNet West.

Three new high-profile studies led by Dr. Yi Yao (Vrije Universiteit Brussel and ETH Zurich) show that while irrigation may be seen as a tool to dampen heat extremes, its benefits will come with adverse impacts.

In recent years, the agricultural sector has undergone significant transformation, with a growing focus on how products are perceived by consumers. One area that warrants particular attention is customer satisfaction concerning unprocessed agricultural goods. The work conducted by Naazie, Sawi, and Zaato explores this phenomenon within the context of Maryland County, Liberia. Their empirical analysis […]

More ethanol was produced in the U.S. last week than any other week on record. The U.S. Energy Information Administration says production averaged 1.123 million barrels per day, rising 32,000 on the week and 18,000 on the year. That all-time high comes as ethanol producers try to meet actual and expected demand, with corn more […] The post Record U.S. ethanol production highlights corn and biofuel demand appeared first on Brownfield Ag News.

The Zoe AI Meal Tracker app features barcode scanning, AI-powered food logging and a processed food risk scale to support healthy eating.

A groundbreaking discovery by molecular biologists at Aarhus University is poised to revolutionize agricultural sustainability by unlocking the genetic potential for nitrogen fixation in staple cereal crops. The study, led by Professors Kasper Røjkjær Andersen and Simona Radutoiu, unveils a precise molecular switch within plant immune receptors that can be reprogrammed to enable a symbiotic […]

Dry bean harvest in the Panhandle is usually completed by the first several weeks in October. Still, due to unforeseen weather delays that plague harvest in the fall, Nebraska Extension Water and Crops Educators John...

The two companies will build a research environment that makes small-molecule synthesis faster, cheaper, and less repetitive. The post Atinary partners with ABB Robotics, others to accelerate R&D with self-driving lab appeared first on AgFunderNews.

The Dawn of Soil Conservation in Early American Farming In the early years of American settlement, the nation’s farmers often took the vastness of the land for granted. As Mark ... Read More The post How Early Farmers Learned to Protect Their Soil appeared first on AgNet West.

A rural legal aid group is suing the California Department of Food and Agriculture for refusing to disclose the locations of dairies infected with H5N1 bird flu.

ALBION, N.Y. — The dairy industry is undergoing a profound technological transformation, and UdderWays LLC is looking to be a part of that change. Founded in 2022 by Jody Neal and his two sons, Jayden and Zachary, UdderWays was born out of a family’s commitment to solving real-world challenges on their family farm. The Neals […] The post From Towels to Tech: Redefining the Milking Routine appeared first on Morning Ag Clips.

Developing high-yielding, nutritious and climate-resilient crops is vital to safeguard the future of global food production. To meet the challenges ahead, Iowa State University scientists are working with crop breeders to look for approaches that can efficiently speed up crop improvement programs.

Swinburne University of Technology researchers are developing cutting-edge 3D printing technology that could help tackle Australia’s housing crisis by building homes from earth, plant fibres and other natural materials. Led by Dr Mohamed Gomaa from Swinburne’s School of Engineering, the team is pioneering a novel 3D printing system that allows natural fibrous-earth... The post Dirt Cheap: Swinburne Researchers 3D-Print with Earth to Rethink Housing appeared first on green magazine.

In recent years, regenerative agriculture has emerged as a transformative concept poised to revolutionize farming practices across Europe. Moving beyond superficial endorsements and marketing hype, a new study published in npj Sustainable Agriculture takes a comprehensive and critical look at the diverse actors actively promoting regenerative agriculture in the European context. This analysis sheds light […]

Biodiversity startups, which are tackling challenges ranging from disappearing pollinators to vanishing coral reefs, raise less capital than other startups but attract a broader coalition of investors, according to a new analysis that used machine learning to sift through venture capital databases.

In a groundbreaking advancement poised to revolutionize cancer immunotherapy, researchers at the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, have engineered an innovative class of biodegradable cesium nanosalts that activate anti-tumor immunity through orchestrated cellular pyroptosis and metabolic interference. This pioneering work, appearing in the esteemed journal CCS Chemistry, introduces a sophisticated strategy […]

In recent years, the complex interplay of genetics and reproductive health has garnered significant attention from scientists and physicians alike. One of the most intriguing mysteries in the realm of human reproduction is the phenomenon of total fertilization failure—cases where oocytes (egg cells) fail to be fertilized despite being in a seemingly conducive environment. A […]

In a groundbreaking study that could reshape the pet food industry, researchers have made significant strides in the area of upcycling the waste generated from poultry and fish. These efforts align perfectly with the holistic vision of waste reduction and sustainable practices. The study, conducted by Rithani et al., has made a compelling case for […]

“It is slowly marching south, which is really terrifying.”

In a groundbreaking study that is set to redefine the landscape of biopolymers, researchers have delved into the innovative pathways of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), specifically the copolymer types that can be engineered through the strategic supplementation of amino acids in dairy byproduct media. This research holds immense potential not only for the bioplastics industry but also […]

The U.S. Secretary of Treasury Scott Bessent has highlighted a potential future where China could get its hands on Nvidia's current-gen flagship AI chips... when they're no longer the current-gen flagships. Washington is considering letting Nvidia sell Blackwell chips to China once they're outdated by at least a year or two.

HUNTSVILLE, Texas — The College of Science and Engineering Technology at Sam Houston State University (SHSU) has received a donation, marking the second largest gift in the university’s history. The contribution establishes the Byler Endowed Chair of Agricultural Sciences, advancing SHSU’s mission to serve as a leader in agricultural education, research and industry collaboration across Texas. […] The post Sam Houston State University Receives Historic Gift to Strengthen Agricultural Sciences appeared first on Morning Ag Clips.

The UK government on Tuesday ordered all poultry in England to be kept inside due to escalating cases of avian influenza.

Barley stands as one of the world’s foremost cereal crops, vital not only for livestock feed but also as a key ingredient in human food products and the malting industry that fuels the production of alcoholic beverages such as beer and whiskey. Despite its agricultural importance, barley cultivation faces persistent threats from a multitude of […]

In a groundbreaking advancement for agricultural technology, researchers at Zhejiang University have unveiled an innovative framework known as ChatLeafDisease (ChatLD), which harnesses the power of large language models (LLMs) to classify plant diseases using only textual descriptions of symptoms. Unlike traditional deep learning models that rely heavily on vast amounts of labeled image data, ChatLD […]

In an era where climate change poses increasing threats to global food security, the quest to understand and enhance plant resilience to environmental stresses has never been more critical. This challenge is particularly acute for root systems—the hidden half of the plant that anchors it and acquires vital water and nutrients from the soil. Despite […]

In an agribusiness setting, Spot is "an extra set of eyes and ears" that can inspect operations and catch potential hazards. The post Cargill’s new robot dog is ‘one part of a much larger shift’ towards ‘responsible’ AI appeared first on AgFunderNews.

A solution to a tricky groundwater riddle from Australia: Researchers at TU Wien have developed numerical models to simulate the movement of fluids in porous materials.

In a new study published in Global Change Biology, Prof. Zhang Yuanming's team from the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has unveiled a previously underestimated factor in greenhouse gas emissions from arid environments: hydroxyl radicals, often dubbed "free radicals."

Academic entrepreneurs—scientists who found research-based startups while remaining in academia—creatively find cross-fertilizing effects between their academic and entrepreneurial work, helping them to reevaluate and extend their professional identity, according to new research published in Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal.

The EVERY Company, which pioneered the use of precision fermentation to make egg proteins with … The post The EVERY Co raises $55m to scale egg proteins via fermentation, crosses line ‘from promise to proof’ appeared first on AgFunderNews.

Ukraine’s agricultural legacy as the “breadbasket of Europe” faces an unprecedented threat, not merely from the ongoing conflict but from a hidden crisis beneath its soil. Recent research indicates that the war has accelerated an alarming trend of nutrient depletion, jeopardizing the long-term viability of Ukraine’s farms. Vital elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium […]

Pichia pastoris is emerging as a versatile, efficient alternative for protein production, bridging microbial and mammalian expression systems. The post Rethinking protein production: Why Pichia pastoris is gaining ground in biotech appeared first on Labiotech.eu. © Labiotech UG and Labiotech.eu. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Labiotech UG and Labiotech.eu with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.

In an era where agriculture faces unprecedented challenges due to climate change and pest populations, the research conducted by Msomba, Ndaki, and Joseph offers essential insights into the relationship between pest dynamics, climate variability, and varietal resistance in sugar plantations. Their study, published in the journal Discover Agriculture, highlights the significant implications for sustainable management […]

Paris, France (SPX) Nov 04, 2025 European Space Agency (ESA) has initiated the study phase of the HOBI-WAN project, aimed at addressing astronaut food supply on extended Moon or Mars missions without Earth resupply. Funded by ESA's Terrae Novae Exploration Programme, HOBI-WAN (Hydrogen Oxidizing Bacteria In Weightlessness As a source of Nutrition) will test Solar Foods' gas fermentation technology for producing Solein pro

arXiv:2511.00269v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Accurate classification plays a pivotal role in smart agriculture, enabling applications such as crop monitoring, fruit recognition, and pest detection. However, conventional centralized training often requires large-scale data collection, which raises privacy concerns, while standard federated learning struggles with non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data and incurs high communication costs. To address these challenges, we propose a federated learning framework that integrates a frozen Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) vision transformer (ViT) with a lightweight transformer classifier. By leveraging the strong feature extraction capability of the pre-trained CLIP ViT, the framework avoids training large-scale models from scratch and restricts federated updates to a compact classifier, thereby reducing transmission overhead significantly. Furthermore, to mitigate performance degradation caused by non-IID

University of Warwick research demonstrates how to engineer ‘cell factories’ that last longer and produce more chemicals, without

In the ever-evolving field of regenerative medicine, the quest for effective therapeutic strategies to address ischaemic stroke has gained significant momentum. Ischaemic strokes often result from the obstruction of blood flow to the brain, leading to tissue damage and neurological deficits. Recent research highlights the potential of tissue engineering-based vascular reconstruction to aid recovery in […]

Cover crops, plants grown to protect and enrich the soil, are known to boost soil health and help store carbon. However, the exact mechanisms behind these benefits, especially under Nordic climate conditions, have been unclear—until now.

A global shift towards healthier, more sustainable eating patterns could reshape agricultural employment across the world, according to new research from the University of Oxford's Environmental Change Institute (ECI).

How has ag tech evolved in 25 years? Dive into the journey from early automation to cutting-edge AI on farms. The post From Boom to AI: Charting 25 Years of Agricultural Tech Revolution appeared first on CropLife.

MADISON, Wis. – The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) encourages the public to report any black bear den locations across the state to help with an ongoing study on black bear reproduction. The Black Bear Litter and Diet Survey will generate new estimates of black bear reproductive rates within each of the state’s bear management zones. These estimates will improve the […] The post DNR Asks Public To Report Black Bear Den Locations For Research Study appeared first on Morning Ag Clips.

It matters where the rain that irrigates your food comes from.

In a groundbreaking pilot study published in Frontiers in Public Health, researchers from Texas A&M University School of Public Health have demonstrated the promising potential of indoor hydroponic gardening to enhance mental health, dietary habits, and overall quality of life among cancer patients. This innovative approach shuns traditional soil-based gardening in favor of nutrient-rich water […]

GAINESVILLE, Fla. — The golden oyster mushroom, with bright yellow pillowy caps, are a popular buy that are sold in grow-your-own kits as well as standard grocery stores, farmer and gourmet markets. A University of Florida researcher warns it is quietly invading forests and is now spotted in the markets of the Sunshine State.  Michelle […] The post Golden Oyster Mushrooms Cultivated, sold in Fla.: Scientist Urges Caution appeared first on Morning Ag Clips.

Soil microbes benefit plants by helping with nutrient uptake and disease resistance. Modulating these communities of bacteria and fungi could potentially sustainably improve agriculture, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

AMES, Iowa—Iowa Learning Farms will host a no-till and soil health field day on Tuesday, Nov. 25, from noon to 2:00 p.m. at the Badger Community Center. The event is open to farmers and landowners at no cost and includes a complimentary meal. Located in the heart of the Des Moines Lobe, known for the rich, dark […] The post No-Till & Soil Health Field Day to be Held appeared first on Morning Ag Clips.

The DIVERSICROP COST Action is working to harness the potential of underutilized crops to promote sustainable food production. Europe's need for sustainable, nutritious food puts overlooked crops like rye and legumes, which are key for healthier diets, into the spotlight. DIVERSICROP addresses this, reviving neglected crops by understanding their ancient history, current germplasm and limitations, and policy engagement.

Indoor hydroponic gardening—a method of growing plants using nutrient-rich water instead of soil—could help cancer patients develop better mental health, eat a healthier diet and enjoy a better overall quality of life.

The director of the Illinois Department of Agriculture says farmer mental health resources are more important than ever. Jerry Costello says farmers are feeling the effect of increased input costs at a time when commodity prices are below break-even for many. “Nitrogen is up 10% literally in just the last 9 or 10 months.”  He […] The post Illinois ag director: farmer mental health support ‘more important than ever’ appeared first on Brownfield Ag News.

Two minor-aged girls were thrown from a Ferris Wheel at Louisiana during the Harvest Festival. Witnesses recalled how they heard horrifying screams.

Groundwater replenishing beneath temperate farmland fields may come from very recent rainfall, merely one to two weeks old, whereas the water actually taken up by crops is drawn from much older sources.

A single atom of silver working in synergy with carbon and nitrogen atoms can efficiently convert polluting nitrogenous waste in water from industries such as agriculture and mining into ready-to-use liquid fertilizer.

At Yahoo Finance, you get free stock quotes, up-to-date news, portfolio management resources, international market data, social interaction and mortgage rates that help you manage your financial life.

Somewhere in the vast open stretches of American pastures, a farmer watches storm clouds roll across the horizon. A few miles away, rain pours down, but the farm remains bone dry.

In the realm of agricultural sustainability, a recent study has shed light on the remarkable role of earthworms in enhancing soil health and agricultural productivity. This research is crucial as the global demands for food continue to rise alongside environmental challenges such as soil degradation and climate change. The findings indicate that earthworms are not […]

In a remarkable advancement towards sustainable energy solutions, researchers have unveiled a promising method for converting cassava peel and pulp into bioethanol, an essential renewable energy source. The study, conducted by a team of scientists led by Fansuri et al., has harnessed the power of cobalt-60 gamma irradiation pretreatment to enhance glucose release from these […]

In a groundbreaking step toward revolutionizing sustainable food production, researchers have developed innovative curcumin-incorporated edible hydrogel films utilizing a composite of potato starch, κ-carrageenan, and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) designed as scaffolds for cultured meat cultivation. These polymeric composite films, referred to as CSCP, harness the synergistic properties of natural polysaccharides and synthetic biocompatible polymers to […]

arXiv:2510.26815v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Effective soil health management is crucial for sustaining agriculture, adopting ecosystem resilience, and preserving water quality. However, Missouri's diverse landscapes limit the effectiveness of broad generalized management recommendations. The lack of resolution in existing soil grouping systems necessitates data driven, site specific insights to guide tailored interventions. To address these critical challenges, a regional soil clustering framework designed to support precision soil health management strategies across the state. The methodology leveraged high resolution SSURGO dataset, explicitly processing soil properties aggregated across the 0 to 30 cm root zone. Multivariate analysis incorporating a variational autoencoder and KMeans clustering was used to group soils with similar properties. The derived clusters were validated using statistical metrics, including silhouette scores and checks against existing taxonomic units,

arXiv:2510.26815v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Effective soil health management is crucial for sustaining agriculture, adopting ecosystem resilience, and preserving water quality. However, Missouri's diverse landscapes limit the effectiveness of broad generalized management recommendations. The lack of resolution in existing soil grouping systems necessitates data driven, site specific insights to guide tailored interventions. To address these critical challenges, a regional soil clustering framework designed to support precision soil health management strategies across the state. The methodology leveraged high resolution SSURGO dataset, explicitly processing soil properties aggregated across the 0 to 30 cm root zone. Multivariate analysis incorporating a variational autoencoder and KMeans clustering was used to group soils with similar properties. The derived clusters were validated using statistical metrics, including silhouette scores and checks against existing taxonomic units,

arXiv:2510.26989v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The global agricultural sector is undergoing a transformative shift, driven by increasing food demands, climate variability and the need for sustainable practices. SUSTAINABLE is a smart farming platform designed to integrate IoT, AI, satellite imaging, and role-based task orchestration to enable efficient, traceable, and sustainable agriculture with a pilot usecase in viticulture. This paper explores current smart agriculture solutions, presents a comparative evaluation, and introduces SUSTAINABLE's key features, including satellite index integration, real-time environmental data, and role-aware task management tailored to Mediterranean vineyards.

In the world of horticulture, researchers continually seek effective methods to enhance plant growth and harvest quality. A notable study recently published in a prestigious journal provides insights into the effect of nutrient sources on the growth and physiological attributes of Gladiolus hybridus, commonly known for its striking floral displays. This research is particularly pertinent […]

New comprehensive research from a pan-European study has unveiled alarming impacts of modern agricultural practices on biodiversity within the Natura 2000 protected areas, the largest conservation network worldwide. Spanning diverse habitats across the European Union (EU), this network was created to safeguard Europe’s most valuable species and ecosystems. However, despite the designation of these areas […]

A paint-like substance that reflects 97% of sunlight can cool the painted surface by up to six degrees below ambient temperature, cooling building and passively extracting water. The innovation could help cool urban heat islands and supplement tank water.

New research shows that modern agriculture is impacting biodiversity inside protected areas in Europe, while some traditional agricultural practices may help preserve it. The Natura 2000 is the largest network of protected areas in the world, established to conserve the most valuable habitats and species in the European Union (EU).

A German delegation led by Parliamentary State Secretary Johann Saathoff visited ICAR–IARI, to explore AgriPV innovations and strengthen Indo-German cooperation in sustainable farming. The visit highlighted joint efforts to integrate solar energy with agriculture for enhanced land use and farmer income.

A new water-integrated droplet electricity generator produces high electrical output while floating on water surfaces. Raindrops are not only a source of fresh water, they also carry unused energy that falls naturally from the sky. Scientists have long explored ways to convert this falling water into electricity, but traditional droplet electricity generators have struggled with [...]

University of Sydney and startup Dewpoint Innovations have developed a paint-like substance that reflects 97% of sunlight and can cool the painted surface by up to six degrees below ambient temperature, cooling building and passively extracting water. The innovation could help cool urban heat islands and supplement tank water.